![]() White blood cells have nuclei that contain genetic material, which gives the dominant part of the DNA in a full blood sample. The possible scenario for gene transfer between GM crops and microorganisms is, however, limited to transformation with free DNA. Various mechanisms exist for gene transfer between microorganisms, such as phage transduction, conjugation, and transformation by free DNA. “If this silences the same gene in us that it silences in the wheat - well, children who are born with this enzyme not working tend to die by the age of about five,” stated Professor Carman. In addition, pathogens may be self-sufficient for certain nutritional compounds or be able to sequester them.Īustralian researchers have recently revealed serious issues over a new kind of genetically engineered wheat that could induce major health threats for people who consume it. Pathogens may also produce enzymes and toxins that cause damage in host cells, which may facilitate entry into tissues (eg, proteinases of fungi infecting lungs) or suppress immune response (eg, damage to blood cells). The horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes between microorganisms has been important for the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Mechanism of Health RisksĪntibiotic resistance among microbial human pathogens is currently a top priority issue in health care and research. More studies coming forward point to increasing evidence of gene transfer from genetically modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurring with transgenes of microbial origin. The amount of DNA in food is relatively low compared to other constituents and does not have significant nutritional value, hence nutritional studies rarely deal with this issue. Depending on the extent of processing, various fractions of DNA molecules of varying size may be present in the consumed product, even in processed food such as corn chips and chocolate. During digestion proteins and DNA are thought to be degraded into small constituents, amino acids, and nucleic acids, respectively, and then absorbed by a complex active process and distributed to various parts of the body through the circulation system.īased on the analysis of over 1000 human samples from four independent studies, researchers in PLOS One reported evidence that plant DNA concentration shows a surprisingly precise log-normal distribution in the plasma samples while non-plasma (cord blood) control sample was found to be free of plant DNA.ĭNA molecules are ubiquitous in large numbers in all raw and unprocessed food. According to the standard paradigm, large macromolecules consumed with food cannot pass directly to the circulatory system. ![]() Our bloodstream is considered to be an environment well separated from the outside world and the digestive tract. However, the persistence in the human gut of DNA from dietary GM plants has been relatively unknown since their inception. The potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health have always been stated as an important item in the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms. In some of the human samples studied the relative concentration of plant DNA was higher than the human DNA. Contrary to the claims by biotech giants such as Monsanto, a report in PLOS One shows that meal-derived DNA fragments are large enough to carry complete genes as they enter the human circulatory system. with using i for "iterator" as often used in loops.The inclusion of genetically modified (GM) plants in the human diet has raised concerns about the transfer of transgenes from GM plants to humans. It's obviously impossible to comment on individual programmers' style and preference of coding, but I'm mostly curious to know if there's some sort of untold consensus among programmers – and if there's a single purpose – using a so called "res" pointer. At the time things were too hectic to really sort out what he meant in his quick explanation, but he seemed to scatter the word all around, in arguments and $res variable calls alike. Http.createServer(function (req, res) ) res.end('Hello World\n') Įdit 2: I first came across the "res" thing while working with a PHP backend developer on a fairly modded WP instance. What I don't grok, in particular, is when and why there's a use for the meaning, "resource" (granted that this is the actual meaning of "res").Įdit 1: I'm providing a random example, this is from the homepage: What does it stand for? A simple guess would be, "resource", perhaps? If this is spot on, it would be nice if someone who feels pedagogically inclined, would care to help me shed some light on this. Its existence appears to be agnostic to whatever programming language you look at. It seems to be pretty commonplace to use the word "res" for one of the indexes in function arguments. Here's a short question that my googling failed to deliver any clues on.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |